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		<description><![CDATA[应用经济学主要指应用理论经济学的基本原理研究国民经济各个部门、各个专业领域的经济活动和经济关系的规律性，或对非经济活动领域进行经济效益、社会效益的分析而建立的各个经济学科。 <a href="http://www.jingjixue.org/yingyong-jingjixue.html">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a><table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0" width="100%" style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>应用<span class='wp_keywordlink'><a href="http://www.jingjixue.org/" title="经济学">经济学</a></span></h3>
<blockquote><p>应用理论经济学的基本原理研究国民经济各个部门、各个专业领域的经济活动和经济关系的规律性，或对非经济活动领域进行经济效益、社会效益的分析而建立的各个经济学科。</p></blockquote>
<p>以国民经济个别部门的经济活动为研究对象的学科，如农业经济学、工业经济学、建筑经济学、运输经济学、商业经济学等等。</p>
<p>以涉及国民经济各个部门而带有一定综合性的专业经济活动为研  应用经济学书籍究对象的学科，如计划经济学、劳动经济学、财政学、货币学、银行学等等。</p>
<p>以地区性经济活动为研究对象的学科，如城市经济学、农村经济学、区域经济学（经济地区规划、生产力布局）等等。</p>
<p>以国际间的经济活动为研究对象的学科，如国际经济学及其分支：国际贸易学、国际金融学、国际投资学等等。</p>
<p>以企业经营管理活动为研究对象的学科，如企业管理、企业财务、会计学、市场（销售）学等等。</p>
<p>与非经济学科交叉联结的边缘经济学科，如与人口学相交叉的人口经济学；与教育学相交叉的教育经济学；与法学相交叉的经济法学；与医药卫生学相交叉的卫生经济学；与生态学相交叉的生态经济学或环境经济学；与社会学相交叉的社会经济学；与自然地理学相交叉的经济地理学、国土经济学、资源经济学；与技术学相交叉的技术经济学等等。这些边缘经济学科主要研究这些非经济领域发展变化的经济含义、经济效益、社会效益，从中找出它们的规律性。</p>
<p>应用经济学的分支学科，无论在资本主义国家还是在社会主义国家，都是适应社会经济发展的需要而不断扩展、不断充实的。应用经济学的发展，离不开社会经济实践，离不开理论经济学的指导，但它们的发展反过来又丰富了理论经济学的内容，起着指导实践的作用。</p>
<h3>理论经济学与应用经济学的区别</h3>
<blockquote><p>在经济学领域，分为理论经济学和应用经济学两大领域。理论经济学是现在大多数人所学的经济学，如西方经济学、经济学说史、宏微观经济学等，这样的经济学和数学有很大的关联。而在前面所谈到的是应用经济学，应用经济学和理论经济学是两种不同的概念。</p></blockquote>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 01 Dec 2011 10:50:34 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[理论经济学：论述经济学的基本概念、基本原理，以及经济运行和发展的一般规律，为各个经济学科提供基础理论。理论经济学通常称为一般经济理论，它分为宏观经济学与微观经济学两个分支。 <a href="http://www.jingjixue.org/lilun-jingjixue.html">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a><table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0" width="100%" style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>理论<span class='wp_keywordlink'><a href="http://www.jingjixue.org/" title="经济学">经济学</a></span></h3>
<blockquote><p>论述经济学的基本概念、基本原理，以及经济运行和发展的一般规律，为各个经济学科提供基础理论。理论经济学通常称为一般经济理论，它分为宏观经济学与微观经济学两个分支。</p></blockquote>
<p>理论经济学是论述经济学的基本概念、基本原理，以及经济运行和发展的一般规律，为各个经济学科提供  理论经济学基础理论。理论经济学通常称为一般经济理论，它分为宏观经济学与微观经济学两个分支。</p>
<h3>宏观经济学</h3>
<p>宏观经济学是以国民经济总过程的活动为研究对象，着重考察和说明国民收入、就业水平、价格水平等经济总量是如何决定的、如何波动的，故又被称为总量分析或总量经济学。</p>
<p>宏观经济学又称总体经济学、大经济学。是微观经济学的对称。宏观经济学是现代经济学的一个分支。宏观经济学以整个国民经济为考察对象，研究经济中各有关总量的决定及其变动，以解决失业、通货膨胀、经济波动、国际收支等问题，实现长期稳定的发展。</p>
<p>宏观经济学（macroeconomics）研究作为整体的经济，包括诸如通货膨胀、失业和经济增长这样一些问题。宏观经济学问题包括解释为什么经济会经历衰退和失业不断增加的时期，以及为什么在长期内有些经济体比其他经济体增长得快得多。宏观经济学也涉及政策问题，如政府干预能否降低衰退的严重性。</p>
<h3>微观经济学</h3>
<p>微观经济学（Microeconomics）又称个体经济学，小经济学，是宏观经济学的对称。微观经济学主要以单个经济单位(单个的生产者、单个的消费者、单个市场的经济活动)作为研究对象，分析单个生产者如何将有限的资源分配在各种商品的生产上以取得最大的利润；单个消费者如何将有限的收入分配在各种商品的消费上以获得最大的满足。同时，微观经济学还分析单个生产者的产量、成本、使用的生产要素数量和利润如何确定；生产要素供应者的收入如何决定；单个商品的效用、供给量、需求量和价格如何确定等等。</p>
<p>微观经济学是研究社会中单个经济单位的经济行为，以及相应的经济变量的单项数值如何决定的经济学说。亦称市场经济学或价格理论。微观经济学的中心理论是价格理论。</p>
<p>微观经济学 ——分析个体经济单位的经济行为,在此基础上,研究现代西方经济社会的市场机制运行及其在经济资源配置中的作用,并提出微观经济政策以纠正市场失灵。</p>
<p>微观经济学关心社会中的个人和各组织之间的交换过程，它研究的基本问题是资源配置的决定，其基本理论就是通过供求来决定相对价格的理论。所以微观经济学的主要范围包括消费者选择，厂商进行的供给和收入分配。</p>
<h3>理论经济学与应用经济学的区别</h3>
<blockquote><p>在经济学领域，分为理论经济学和应用经济学两大领域。理论经济学是现在大多数人所学的经济学，如西方经济学、经济学说史、宏微观经济学等，这样的经济学和数学有很大的关联。而在前面所谈到的是应用经济学，应用经济学和理论经济学是两种不同的概念。</p></blockquote>
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		<title>EMBA</title>
		<link>http://www.jingjixue.org/emba.html</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 02 Nov 2011 04:50:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>linzhongfeng</dc:creator>
		
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		<description><![CDATA[EMBA是英文EXECUTIVE MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION的简称，直译为高级管理人员MBA，或高层管理人员工商管理硕士。 它是由芝加哥大学管理学院首创。读EMBA的学员一般由公司推荐，利用业余时间集中上课，课程内容广泛，理论与实践平衡。其实质是一种具有学位的在职培训，它对升至公司中上级而又无MBA学位的管理人员很有意义。 <a href="http://www.jingjixue.org/emba.html">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a><table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0" width="100%" style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>EMBA是英文EXECUTIVE MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION的简称，直译为高级管理人员MBA，或高层管理人员工商管理硕士。 它是由芝加哥大学管理学院首创。读EMBA的学员一般由公司推荐，利用业余时间集中上课，课程内容广泛，理论与实践平衡。其实质是一种具有学位的在职培训，它对升至公司中上级而又无MBA学位的管理人员很有意义。</p>
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		<title>MBA</title>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 01 Nov 2011 14:46:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>linzhongfeng</dc:creator>
		
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		<description><![CDATA[MBA是英文Master Of Business Administration（工商管理硕士）的简称，而其中文简称为“工管硕”。工商管理硕士是源于欧美国家的一种专门培养中高级职业经理人员的专业硕士学位。工商管理硕士是市场经济的产物，培养的是高素质的管理人员、职业经理人和创业者，商业界普遍认为是晋身管理阶层的一块垫脚石。 <a href="http://www.jingjixue.org/mba.html">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a><table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0" width="100%" style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>MBA是英文Master Of Business Administration（工商管理硕士）的简称，而其中文简称为“工管硕”。工商管理硕士是源于欧美国家的一种专门培养中高级职业经理人员的专业硕士学位。工管硕士是市场经济的产物，培养的是高素质的管理人员、职业经理人和创业者。工管硕士是商业界普遍认为是晋身管理阶层的一块垫脚石。现时不少学校为了开拓财源增加收入，都与世界知名大学商学院学术合作，销售他们的工商管理硕士课程。工管硕士培养的是高质量的职业工商管理人才，使他们掌握生产、财务、金融、营销、经济法规、国际商务等多学科知识和管理技能。</p>
<p>工商管理硕士课程分两种：</p>
<p>1. 一种是供现职公司高层管理报读的课程，通常利用工作时间之余修习，名为在职工商管理硕士（Executive MBA，简称EMBA）；</p>
<p>2. 另一种是供现职管理报读，以增进其管理知识的普通工商管理硕士课程。</p>
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		<title>市场经济</title>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 21 Sep 2011 09:38:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>eva</dc:creator>
		
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		<description><![CDATA[市场经济（又称为自由市场经济或自由企业经济）是一种经济体系，在这种体系下产品和服务的生产及销售完全由自由市场的自由价格机制所引导，而不是像计划经济一般由国家所引导。市场经济也被用作资本主义的同义词。 <a href="http://www.jingjixue.org/shichang-jingji.html">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a><table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0" width="100%" style="clear: both;">
    
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                        <font size="-1" color="#333333" style="line-height: 1.65em; font-size: 12px !important;">十大经济学原理</font>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>市场经济</h3>
<blockquote><p>市场经济（又称为自由市场经济或自由企业经济）是一种经济体系，在这种体系下产品和服务的生产及销售完全由自由市场的自由价格机制所引导，而不是像计划经济一般由国家所引导。市场经济也被用作资本主义的同义词。</p></blockquote>
<p>乍一看，市场经济的成功是一个谜。毕竟，在市场经济中，没有一个人追求整个社会的经济福利。自由市场包括大量物品与劳务的许多买者与卖者，而所有人都主要关心自己的福利。尽管市场中存在的是分散的决策和千百万利己的决策者，但事实已经证明，市场经济在以一种促进总体经济福利的方式组织经济活动方面非常成功。所以市场经济称做许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时，通过它们的分散决策配置资源的经济。</p>
<p>亚当·斯密说：“借由追求他个人的利益，往往也使他更为有效地促进了这个社会的利益，而超出他原先的意料之外。我从来没有听说过有多少好事是由那些佯装增进公共利益而干預贸易的人所达成的。”就如国富论中提出的观察结果一样，家庭和企业在市场上相互交易，他们仿佛被一只“看不见的手”所指引，并导致了合一的市场结果。这只“看不见的手”正是市场经济。</p>
<p>市场经济有四大基本作用：传递信息；提供经济发展的动力和压力； 增进企业运行效益； 提高资源配置效率。</p>
<p>在工业时代，因为市场经济的作用，人类的生活状况，整个来说，还是大大改善了。欧美日等率先实现了工业化的国家，现在已经成为世界各国争相效仿的榜样，大多数发展中国家都在致力于推进国家的工业化。但由于市场经济的残酷竞争，贫富分化愈益加剧，社会财富日益集中在少数富人手里。这使得资本主义制度受到了有史以来最为激烈的指责。因此市场经济在历史中有功也有过，这形成了近代<span class='wp_keywordlink'><a href="http://www.jingjixue.org/" title="经济学">经济学</a></span>中存在两种对立的市场经济理论传统。</p>
<p>一种是强调市场机制绝对合理的传统。这是由斯密、萨伊到马歇尔、哈耶克所代表的经济自由主义或新古典经济学的传统。他们认为，认为资本主义市场经济是内在完满，具备自我均衡机制的完善体系，市场机制在本质上是没有缺陷的，市场本身的均衡调整机制足以保证经济长期均衡运行，并可以导致资源的最佳配置。周期性危机是非必然的，是可以避免的。</p>
<p>另一种是以马克思和凯恩斯为代表的认为市场机制有缺陷的传统。马克思认为，近代资本主义的历史是由小市场经济走向大市场经济，即由民族市场走向世界市场经济的进程。这其实就是今天常讲的“全球化”。马克思认为这个进程是不可阻挡的，在世界市场经济已统治全世界的时候，周期性的世界经济危机最终会产生破坏世界市场的力量，从而撕毁这一体制。他把这种全面危及世界统一市场的危机，称作“普遍危机”或“总危机”。</p>
<p>凯恩斯最早信奉马歇尔的新古典经济学，但30年代大萧条，却使他最终转向了对自由市场经济危机机制的分析。但是凯恩斯和马克思的立场不同。马克思认为，市场体制中的危机机制是不可救的。而凯恩斯则相信，可以通过政府对经济作宏观干预的方法，补救市场机制的缺陷。</p>
<p>但是马克思与凯恩斯都认为市场机制本身是有缺陷的，周期性危机就表明这种缺陷。这可以称做纠正市场幻想的一种理论传统。</p>
<p>对市场机制的上述两种对立的传统，实际上形成了近代经济学中对于市场经济的两种不同理论传统。</p>
<h3>市场经济与计划经济的主要区别</h3>
<blockquote><p>市场经济也有可能存在政府的干预。市场经济与计划经济最主要的差异并不在于政府影响程度的大小，而是在于政府的影响力是否会用于强迫性阻碍私人的决定上。在市场经济里，如果政府需要更多钢铁，那政府会收取税赋并以市场价格买入钢铁。而在计划经济里，政府只需要下令生产钢铁、并且依据法令设立价格便能取得钢铁。结合了中央计划经济和市场机制的经济体制则被称为混合经济。德国的社会市场经济便是混合经济的例子之一。</p></blockquote>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 20 Aug 2011 07:40:17 +0000</pubDate>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>补偿性工资：为抵消不同工作的非货币特色而产生的工资差别</p>
<p>当一个工人决定是否接受某个工作是，工资仅仅只是他要考虑的多个工作特性之一。某些工作轻松又有趣，而某些工作枯燥又危险。按这些妃货币特性来判断，在工资既定的是愿意从事‘好工作’的人越多。即那些轻松又有趣的工作的劳动供给大于那些枯燥有危险的工作的劳动供给。所以，‘好工作’的工资往往低于‘坏工作’的工资。</p>
<p>其实补偿性工资在经济中普遍存在，举几个例子就知道了。</p>
<p>1、工厂中值夜班的工资要高于同类白天班的工资。高工资用来补偿他们不得不在夜里工作而在白天睡觉。大部分人多不喜欢这种生活。<br />
2、煤矿工人的工资往往不同学历的人高。高工资是用于补偿他们采煤时的枯燥、危险和长期的身体健康问题。<br />
3、教授的工资低于同学历的律师或者医生。他们的低工资由工作上所带来的学术和个人价值上的满足来补偿。</p>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 13 Aug 2011 15:20:07 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[经济学前沿主题：不对称信息经济学、政治经济学、行为经济学。 <a href="http://www.jingjixue.org/jingjixue-qianyan-zhuti.html">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a><table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0" width="100%" style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>主题一、不对称信息<span class='wp_keywordlink'><a href="http://www.jingjixue.org/" title="经济学">经济学</a></span>，在生活中，一些人往往拥有比其他人多的信息，而且这种拥有信息的差别会影响他们做出的决策和他们如何互相交易。这种不对称性经常存在与现实的各种事件中。</p>
<p>主题二、政治经济学，政治经济学学科运用经济学工具去理解政府的职能，如市场失灵以及政府政策怎样潜在地改善现实问题。这种潜在能否实现取决于政治制度良好运行的程度。<br />
主题三、行为经济学，这个学科把一些心理学观点用于研究经济问题。他提供了一个人类行为的观点，这种观点比传统经济理论中的观点更微妙、更复杂，但也更现实。</p>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 10 Aug 2011 05:16:58 +0000</pubDate>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>传统意义上，经济领域被划分为两个分领域，即微观<span class='wp_keywordlink'><a href="http://www.jingjixue.org/" title="经济学">经济学</a></span>与宏观经济学。微观经济学研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们如何在特定市场上相互交易。而宏观经济学是研究国民经济的总过程，着重考察和说明国民收入、就业水平、价格水平等经济总量是如何决定的、如何波动的，故又被称为总量分析或总量经济学。</p>
<p>一个微观经济学家可以研究租金控制对北京住房的影响，外国竞争对中国电子行业的影响，或者接受义务教育毒工人收入的影响。一个宏观经济学家可以研究经济中失业率随时间推移的变动，或者提高异国生活水平的不同政策。</p>
<p>虽然微观经济学和宏观经济学研究的方向不同，但它们也是紧密相关的由于整体经济的变动产生于千千万万个人的决策，所以不考虑相关的微观经济决策而要去理解宏观经济的发展是不可能的。例如，宏观经济学家可能研究个人所得税的减少对整个物品与劳务生产的影响。但为了分析这个问题他必须考虑所得税减少会如何影响家庭把多少钱用于购物与 劳务的决策。</p>
<p>微观经济学与宏观经济学之间的关系是多种多样的，微观经济学和宏观经济学是互为补充的其次，微观经济学是宏观经济学的基础。再次，宏观经济学并不是微观经济学的简单加总或重复，最后，两者共同构成了西方经济学的整体。</p>
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		<title>通货膨胀</title>
		<link>http://www.jingjixue.org/tonghuo-pengzhang.html</link>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 07 Aug 2011 04:52:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>eva</dc:creator>
		
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		<description><![CDATA[通货膨胀是指经济中物价总水平的上升。 <a href="http://www.jingjixue.org/tonghuo-pengzhang.html">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a><table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0" width="100%" style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>通货膨胀是指经济中物价总水平的上升。</p>
<p>发生通货膨胀，通常是因为货币量的增长。但一个国家发行了大量的本国货币是，货币的价值就降低了。</p>
<p>最令人震惊的例子，1921年1月的德国一份日报的价格为0.3马克。不到两年后也就是1922年11月，一份同样的日报的价格竟为7000万马克。</p>
<p>由于高通货膨胀会让社会付出各自代价，所以世界各国都把保持低通货膨胀作为经济政策的一个目标。杰拉尔德福特总统曾称通货膨胀是‘公众的头号敌人’。</p>
<p><img 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" 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		<title>市场失灵</title>
		<link>http://www.jingjixue.org/shichang-shiling.html</link>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 30 Jul 2011 03:14:29 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>eva</dc:creator>
		
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		<description><![CDATA[市场失灵的定义：市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。市场失灵有两个原因：外部性和市场势力。 <a href="http://www.jingjixue.org/shichang-shiling.html">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a><table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0" width="100%" style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>市场失灵的定义：市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。</p>
<p>市场失灵有两个原因：<a title="一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响"><span style="color: #333399;">外部性</span></a>和<a title="单个或一小群经济活动者对市场价格有显著影响的能力"><span style="color: #333399;">市场势力</span></a>。</p>
<p>外部成本的一个著名例子是工业污染。</p>
<p>市场势力的例子:一个镇子里每个人都需要水，但只有一口＃那么这口井的所有者就能强有力的控制这个镇的水价格。</p>
<p>因为存在市场失灵，所以有时可以通过政府来改善市场结果。如市场并不能保证每个人有充足的食物、体面的衣服和充分的医疗。这时就要求政府进行干预。制定诸如所得税、福利制度等公共政策。</p>
<p>问题：政府是直接改善市场经济还是间接的？请举几个例子。</p>
<p>答案如：政府既有直接改善也有间接改善。</p>
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